The effectiveness of a country, city, or region’s behavior in disaster prevention and mitigation is one of the important symbols to evaluate its modernization level, degree of civilization, public management efficiency, and social security capability. For modern cities, it is necessary not only to emphasize the production and accumulation of material wealth, to emphasize the beauty and comfort of urban form but also to emphasize the completeness of urban functions and the safety and reliability of urban systems, that is, cities must have a structure that is compatible with economic and social development. defense system. Disaster prevention, disaster resistance, and disaster relief comprehensive capabilities, and the establishment of a corresponding urban comprehensive disaster prevention and public safety system. As an important part of the city’s comprehensive disaster prevention system, urban fire safety has attracted more and more attention from the whole society. Compilation of urban fire protection planning is a basic work for establishing an urban fire safety system and maintaining urban fire safety, and it plays an important guiding role in improving urban fire protection functions.
The term
planning of urban fire control
Comprehensive deployment, specific arrangements, and implementation measures for urban fire protection development goals, urban fire safety layout, public fire protection facilities, and fire protection equipment within a certain period.
urban fire risk evaluation
A comprehensive evaluation of the risk and hazard of fire in buildings, places, facilities, etc. within the scope of urban land use.
urban fire safety layout
The urban construction land layout and safety measures that meet the fire safety requirements. This specification specifically refers to the comprehensive deployment, specific arrangements, and safety measures for places or facilities with inflammable and explosive dangerous goods, other places or facilities with high fire hazards and hazards, fire isolation belts, and fire prevention and refuge sites.
public fire control facilities
General term for fire stations, fire communication facilities, fire water supply facilities, and fire truck passages required for fire fighting and emergency rescue.
fire break
An isolated space that prevents the fire from spreading over a large area.
Urban Fire Safety Layout
The layout of urban fire safety should be by the requirements of urban fire safety and comprehensive disaster prevention, and the places or facilities with flammable and explosive dangerous goods and the scope of influence, the building-intensive areas with low fire resistance levels or poor fire fighting and rescue conditions, historical urban areas, and historical and cultural blocks, Urban underground spaces, fire isolation belts, disaster prevention, and refuge sites, etc., make comprehensive deployment and specific arrangements and formulate fire safety measures and planning control measures.
The fire safety of places or facilities with flammable and explosive dangerous goods shall comply with the following regulations:
1. The scale of flammable and explosive dangerous goods places or facilities shall be controlled by the relevant current national standards, and the layout shall be reasonable according to the requirements of fire safety.
2. Places or facilities for inflammable and explosive dangerous goods should be set up on the edge of the city or in a relatively independent safe zone; large and medium-sized places or facilities for inflammable and explosive dangerous goods should be set up in independent safe areas on the edge of urban construction land, and should not be set up In the upwind direction of the city’s perennial dominant wind direction, the upstream of the main water source, or other areas that endanger public safety. For places or facilities with inflammable, explosive, and dangerous goods that have a significant impact on the safety of surrounding areas, disaster prevention buffer zones and reliable safety facilities should be set up.
3. The safety distance between places or facilities for inflammable and explosive dangerous goods and adjacent buildings, facilities, traffic lines, etc. shall comply with the relevant current national standards. The safety distance of newly-built production, storage, loading and unloading, business sites or facilities of inflammable and explosive dangerous goods within the scope of urban construction land shall be controlled within the scope of the total land.
4. Within the scope of urban construction land, the scale and layout of automobile refueling stations, gas refueling stations, and refueling and refueling joint construction stations should be controlled.
5. The urban gas system should be planned as a whole. Regional oil pipelines and high-pressure gas pipelines with a pressure greater than 1.6MPa must not pass through military facilities, national key cultural relics protection units, other flammable and explosive dangerous goods places or facilities, airports (special oil pipelines for airports) Except), non-dangerous goods stations and port terminals; the safe distance between urban oil and gas pipelines and surrounding buildings and facilities should comply with the relevant current national technical standards.
6. Reasonably arrange the transportation routes and passage time for inflammable and explosive dangerous goods.
7. Existing flammable and explosive dangerous goods places or facilities that affect urban fire safety should be adjusted in scale, technical transformation, relocation, or demolition in combination with urban renewal. If it constitutes a major hidden danger, measures such as decommissioning, relocation or demolition should be taken, and it should be included in the short-term construction plan.
Fire safety in historic urban areas and historical and cultural blocks shall meet the following requirements:
1. A fire safety system should be established in historic urban areas, and fire facilities, equipment, and equipment should be configured according to local conditions;
2. Factories and warehouses for the production and storage of inflammable and explosive dangerous goods shall not be set up in historical urban areas, gas transmission and oil pipelines and gas storage and oil storage facilities shall not be retained or newly built, and gas distribution stations shall not be set up, and low-pressure gas pressure regulating facilities shall adopt Small pressure regulating device;
3. While maintaining or continuing the original road pattern and original spatial scale, the road system in the historical urban area should fully consider the necessary fire exits;
4. Small and suitable fire-fighting facilities, equipment and equipment should be installed in historical and cultural blocks; fire-fighting facilities and equipment such as pools, water tanks, sand tanks, and fire extinguishers should be installed in streets and alleys that do not meet the requirements for fire-fighting vehicle passages and fire-fighting water supply;
5. Ring-shaped fire truck passages should be set up around the historical and cultural blocks;
6. Autogas stations and gas stations are not allowed to be set up in historical and cultural blocks.
The scale of urban underground space should be strictly controlled to avoid large-scale interconnections, and corresponding fire-fighting and emergency rescue facilities should be equipped.
The fire isolation zone can be set up using roads, squares, water areas, etc.
Urban disaster prevention and refuge sites can be set up in combination with open spaces such as roads, squares, sports fields, green spaces, parks, and public spaces in residential areas.
In areas adjacent to cities and forests and grasslands, the safety distance between the edge of urban construction land and the edge of forests and grasslands should be delineated and controlled according to the fire risk and fire safety requirements.
Public fire facilities
Urban fire stations are divided into land fire stations, water fire stations, and aviation fire stations. Land fire stations are divided into ordinary fire stations, special service fire stations, and combat support fire stations. Ordinary fire stations are divided into first-level ordinary fire stations and second-level ordinary fire stations.
The setting of land fire stations shall meet the following requirements:
1. A first-class ordinary fire station should be set up within the scope of urban construction land;
2. In areas where it is indeed difficult to set up a first-level ordinary fire station in urban built-up areas, a second-level ordinary fire station may be established after demonstration;
3. Cities at the prefecture level and above, and county-level cities with a relatively developed economy should set up special service fire stations and combat support fire stations, and towns with developed economies and special service missions can set up special service fire stations;
4. The fire station should be set up independently. In special cases, the fire stations located in complex buildings should have independent functional partitions and should be completely isolated from other functions, and their traffic organization should be convenient for fire trucks to enter and exit in an emergency.
Site selection for land fire stations shall meet the following requirements:
1. The fire station should be set up in the street-side section of the main and secondary arterial roads where fire-fighting vehicles can be dispatched quickly;
2. The distance between the main entrance and exit of fire station duty vehicles and the main evacuation exits of hospitals, schools, kindergartens, nurseries, theaters, shopping malls, stadiums, exhibition halls, and other crowded places should not be less than 50m;
3. If there are places or facilities for inflammable and explosive dangerous goods within the jurisdiction of the fire station, the fire station should be set up upwind or sidewind of the perennial dominant wind direction of the dangerous goods place or facility, and the distance between the land use boundary and the dangerous goods site should not be less than 200m.
The setting and layout of the water fire station shall meet the following requirements:
1. The water fire station should set up a shoreline for berthing fireboats. The length of the shoreline should not be less than the length required for berthing fireboats. The length of the shoreline for berthing fireboats in rivers and lakes should not be less than 100m;
2. The water fire station should be equipped with a land base, and the land area of the road base should be the same as that of the land-based secondary general fire station;
3. The layout of the water fire station should be determined on the principle that the fire brigade can reach the edge of its jurisdiction within 30 minutes after receiving the dispatch order, and the distance between the fire brigade and the edge of its jurisdiction should not be greater than 30km.
The location of the water fire station shall meet the following requirements:
1. The water fire station should be close to the port area and wharf, avoid the operation area of the port area and wharf, and avoid hydropower stations, dams, and waters with unstable water flow. Inland river water fire stations should be set up upstream of main port areas and wharves.
2. When there are dangerous goods wharves or dangerous goods places or facilities along the coast within the jurisdiction of the water fire station, the distance between the water fire station and its land base should not be less than 200m from the dangerous goods site.
3. The distance between the water fire station pontoon and the land base should not be greater than 500m, and should not cross expressways, urban expressways, and railway arteries.
The setting of aviation fire stations shall meet the following requirements:
1. Cities with a population of 1 million or more and cities with aviation firefighting missions should independently set up aviation firefighting stations, which should meet the requirements of the local air traffic control department;
2. Except for the fire-fighting helicopter station, the land base area of the aviation fire station shall be the same as that of the land-based general fire station;
3. Combined with other airports to set up aviation firefighting stations for firefighting helicopter battlefields, the land base buildings should be set up independently; when it is really difficult to set up independently, the firefighting rooms can be built together with the airport buildings, but there should be independent functional divisions;
4. The pilot and aircrew training bases of the aviation fire station should be set up in combination with the existing resources of the city.
Fire communication
The city should set up a fire communication command center.
The urban fire communication command system should cover the whole city, connect the urban fire communication command center and each fire station, and should have the main functions of accepting fire and other disaster accident alarms, fire fighting and rescue command and dispatch, and intelligence information support.
Fire water supply
Urban fire-fighting water can be supplied by urban water supply systems, fire-fighting pools, other artificial water bodies, natural water bodies, and recycled water that meets the requirements.
The water consumption for urban fire fighting shall be determined according to the number of fires at the same time and the water consumption for one fire extinguishing. When the urban water supply system supplies water to sub-areas and the pipe network system is not reliably connected to the network, the urban fire-fighting water supply shall be approved by the sub-area.
Using the urban water supply system as the source of fire-fighting water must ensure the water volume and pressure requirements of fire-fighting water during the peak hours of urban water supply.
The installation of municipal fire hydrants and fire cranes shall meet the following requirements:
1. The installation of municipal fire hydrants should comply with the relevant provisions of the current national standard “Technical Specifications for Fire Water Supply and Fire Hydrant Systems” GB 50974.
2. Municipal fire hydrants should have uniform models and specifications. Municipal fire hydrants should be above ground; underground fire hydrants should have obvious signs. Antifreeze measures should be taken for municipal fire hydrants installed in cold areas.
3. Fire cranes can be installed in cold areas, and their service radius should not be greater than 1000m.
4. In areas with high fire risks, the density of municipal fire hydrants or fire cranes can be appropriately increased to increase water supply and water pressure.
Fire truck access
Fire vehicle passages include urban roads at all levels, residential areas, internal roads of enterprises and institutions, water intake channels for fire trucks, fire vehicle passages for buildings, etc., and should meet the requirements for safe and fast passage of fire-fighting vehicles. Urban roads at all levels, residential areas, and internal roads of enterprises and institutions should be arranged in a ring shape to reduce dead-end roads.
The setting of fire truck passages shall meet the following requirements:
1. The distance between the centerlines of fire truck passages should not be greater than 160m;
2. There should be at least two places in the ring-shaped fire truck passage connected to other lanes, and the end-type fire truck passage should be provided with a return lane or a carriage return space;
3. The net width and clear height of the fire truck passage should not be less than 4m, and the distance from the exterior wall of the building should be greater than 5m;
4. The slope of the fire truck passage should not be greater than 8%, and the turning radius should meet the traffic requirements of the fire truck. The slope of the elevating fire truck parking and the working site should not be greater than 3%.
Natural water sources, fire pools and other artificial water bodies for fire trucks to take water should be provided with fire truck passages. The distance from the edge of fire truck passages to the water intake point should not be greater than 2m, and the distance between fire trucks and the water-absorbing water surface should not exceed 6m.
